◎  Symptoms: Blisters in ulcers in the mouth, hooves, and udder; drooling, lameness; sudden death in calves due to myocarditis.

◎ Control: Vaccination (matching prevalent strains) + strict quarantine and culling.

◎  Symptoms: High fever, oral erosions, severe diarrhea, high mortality.

◎ Symptoms: Diarrhea, oral ulcers, abortion or weak calves (persistently infected cattle are key carriers).

◎ Control: Testing and culling persistently infected cattle + vaccination.

◎ Symptoms: Sudden high fever, joint pain, excessive tearing, drooling; usually resolves within 3 days.

◎ Pathogen: Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1).

◎ Symptoms: Respiratory inflammation (coughing, nasal discharge), conjunctivitis, abortion ("infectious abortion").

◎ Pathogen: Mycobacterium bovis (zoonotic).

◎ Symptoms: Chronic weight loss, coughing, enlarged lymph nodes (confirmed by tuberculin test).

◎ Control: Culling positive cattle + regular testing.

◎ Pathogen: Brucella spp. (zoonotic).

◎ Symptoms: Late-term abortion, orchitis, arthritis.

◎ Control: Vaccination (e.g., S19 strain) + culling infected cattle.

◎ Pathogen: Pasteurella multocida.

◎ Symptoms: Acute septicemia (high fever, subcutaneous bleeding), pneumonia, or throat swelling ("throat lock").

◎ Treatment: Penicillin, sulfonamides.

◎ Pathogen: Bacillus anthracis (zoonotic).

◎ Symptoms: Sudden death (bloody nasal discharge, incomplete rigor mortis), enlarged spleen.

◎ Control: Do NOT perform necropsy! Emergency anthrax vaccination.

◎ Symptoms: Chronic pneumonia, arthritis, mastitis; poor response to antibiotics.

◎ Pathogen: Fasciola hepatica (parasitizes bile ducts).

◎ Symptoms: Weight loss, anemia, submandibular edema ("bottle jaw").

◎ Treatment: Triclabendazole, nitroxynil.

◎ Includes: Babesiosis (hemoglobinuria), Theileriosis (lymph node swelling).

◎ Control: Tick control (e.g., pyrethroid dips) + imidocarb treatment.

◎ Common parasites: Haemonchus contortus (anemia), Ostertagia ostertagi (diarrhea).

◎ Treatment: Ivermectin, albendazole.

◎ Symptoms: Subcutaneous nodules on the back (larval infestation), reduced leather quality.

◎ Treatment: Organophosphate sprays.

◎ Cause: Negative energy balance (common in high-yielding dairy cows).

◎ Symptoms: Weight loss, acetone odor in breath/urine, neurological signs (circling, licking walls).

◎ Treatment: IV glucose + oral propylene glycol.

◎ Cause: Sudden drop in blood calcium around calving.

◎ Symptoms: Paralysis, loss of consciousness, low body temperature.

◎ Treatment: IV calcium (e.g., calcium borogluconate).

◎ Cause: Excessive grain intake.

◎ Symptoms: Bloat, diarrhea (foul-smelling), laminitis.

◎ Common pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., E. coli.

◎ Symptoms: Udder swelling, abnormal milk (clots or pus/blood).

◎ Control: Proper milking procedures + teat dipping.

◎ Causes: Nutrition，wet environments， or bacterial infections.

◎ Symptoms: Lameness, cracked hooves, pus formation.

◎ Causes: Ingestion of sharp objects (e.g., wires) puncturing the reticulum and pericardium.

◎ Symptoms: Chronic indigestion, pericardial friction sounds.